紐西蘭風土人情英語怎麼說

A. 紐西蘭風俗習慣的英語作文

The founders of a new colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project, have invariably recognised it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, and another portion as the site of a prison. In accordance with this rule it may safely be assumed that the forefathers of Boston had built the first prison-house somewhere in the Vicinity of Cornhill, almost as seasonably as they marked out the first burial-ground, on Isaac Johnson's lot, and round about his grave, which subsequently became the nucleus of all the congregated sepulchres in the old churchyard of King's Chapel. Certain it is that, some fifteen or twenty years after the settlement of the town, the wooden jail was already marked with weather-stains and other indications of age, which gave a yet darker aspect to its beetle-browed and gloomy front. The rust on the ponderous iron-work of its oaken door looked more antique than anything else in the New World. Like all that pertains to crime, it seemed never to have known a youthful era. Before this ugly edifice, and between it and the wheel-track of the street, was a grass-plot, much overgrown with burdock, pig-weed, apple-pern, and such unsightly vegetation, which evidently found something congenial in the soil that had so early borne the black flower of civilised society, a prison. But on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rose-hush, covered, in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom of Nature could pity and be kind to him.

B. 用英語簡單介紹一個國家的風土人情

以巴西為例，具體如下：

The Federal Republic of Brazil, Brazil for short, derives its name from Brazilian mahogany. It is the largest country in South America and enjoys the reputation of "the Kingdom of Football". The total land area is 8.5149 million square kilometers, ranking fifth in the world. The total population is 208.6 million.

It borders Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. Brazil is divided into 26 states and a federal district, with municipalities under the states.

C. 外國風土人情（英語）

澳洲風土人情

在你到達澳大利亞之前，你也許已經從書上、澳洲回來的旅遊者那裡或是你的親戚朋友的經驗得知澳洲或澳洲人是什麼樣的。你會發現這些觀點是部分正確，部分錯誤的－就像你會認為一些澳洲人對你的國家的一些看法有時會被很奇怪的歪曲了一樣。澳洲各個地方的風土人情差別很大，人們的道德觀念也有很大差異，所以有時很難接受一些陳舊的觀念。你會發現你在不斷的比較澳洲和你自己的國家，各自不同的行為方式。開始你會感到很難適應或感到不滿，漸漸的你會理解澳洲人的行為方式並且去鑒別什麼是好的，什麼是壞的。

充分利用你的時間去了解這里的環境和這里的人。最基本的是要和澳洲人相處融洽。下面一些觀點也許會幫助你去了解澳洲人什麼樣和怎樣去和他們成功的相處。

尊敬

澳洲人很自豪的稱自己為'平等主義者'。事實確實是這樣，談話非常隨便。比如：學生通常稱呼老師的名字，態度也不象我們理所當然認為的尊敬。

但另一方面，他們對待其他人也是同樣的友好和不正式：秘書，實驗室的技師，圖書管理員和清潔工；公共汽車和計程車司機；售貨員和銀行職員－這些人都給學生提供服務但不是'傭人'。他們中的許多人都是很有資歷和經驗的，如果你認為他們低人一等，他們會非常不滿。所以，作為一個對澳洲社會很陌生的人，最聰明的辦法就是對每個人都表現友好和給予尊敬。

談話

澳洲人說話非常直率，有時甚至是粗魯。你也許會被一句很普通的罵人話或說話的方式觸怒；比如，一個完全陌生的人稱呼你為'哥們兒'；經常用演講的說話方式來體現他們的容易接近。有時他們的幽默和玩笑聽起來非常怪異。他們的話語有時讓人覺得失望，但是請認真聽，不要很快就反感。去觀察他們互相怎樣交談，怎樣反應，去感覺他們的幽默。你不用特意去學他們，但是你需要去理解他們交談中暗含的意思。

你應該會注意到澳洲人經常用'請'和'謝謝'，而且會出現在不同的場合，所以你也應該經常用這些詞。總的來說，當你要求什麼的時候，要用'請'，無論是物品，信息或服務；當你接收這些的時候，要用'謝謝'。比如，在商店，咖啡廳或銀行，你通常會感謝給你提供服務的人。澳洲人經常會認為外國人很粗魯傲慢，因為他們沒有用這些禮貌用語，並且提出要求的時候用的是非常生硬的語言。外國學生經常僅僅是去費盡力氣去說而澳洲人往往會誤解你。如果你能做到禮貌的去問問題和感謝別人給予的幫助，你會避免這些問題，因為他們會認識到你已經盡力了。

特殊的情況

有一些情況會使澳洲人對外國人產生反感，如：不按秩序排隊，和朋友去酒吧。

許多情況下人們需要排隊等候某項服務－在郵局或公共汽車站－澳洲人一般不會排成一個很明顯的隊，但是很明確自己站在什麼位置。一個不明情況的外國人很可能沒有注意到，而認為櫃台開門或者汽車進站的時候，誰都可以往前擠。這樣很可能導致別人對你的不滿甚至會粗暴的批評你。所以，一直等候直到輪到你，在你後面的人一樣會守秩序。

在酒吧按照秩序叫飲料也是一個規矩。如果你被一群澳洲朋友邀請在酒吧聚會，其中一人會'叫'飲料給在座的每一個人，他或她會"叫"並且付錢。你可以依自己的喜好點啤酒，澄汁或可樂，你必須接收並讓那個人付錢。當這些飲料喝完了以後，另外一個人會"叫"並且付錢，很快就會輪到你了。如果你不想叫，只要實話實說就可以了，這沒有問題，但是不要在快輪到你的時候離開，這將是很不禮貌的。所以參加一小群人的聚會並且在參加之前大概算一算要花多少錢。記住：每一輪都要求自己付錢也是不對的，這種輪著'叫'的秩序是被嚴格的遵守著的。

尊重長輩

澳洲人對長輩都會表現出尊重，但是不會象亞洲國家那樣正式。他們會在汽車上給老年人讓座，或為比自己年紀大的親戚或朋友提包，但是不會為他們提公文包或對他們的哥哥姐姐表現特殊的尊敬。在家裡，和父母爭吵是很平常的事情；在學校，學生經常會反問老師；在大學，老師很希望學生對他們的演講或課本提出批評。不同的人有不同的觀點，他們有權力有禮貌的表達出來。討論是很有價值的，如果你不能確定在這種場合如何表現你自己，那麼就坐下來認真看和聽，然後再加入進去。

個人關系

和其他學生或朋友的人際關系會和你在自己的國家大不相同。但是你不必去改變自己，這樣你會感到很難受；如果你不希望去做，你可以拒絕別人的要求，因為他們會尊重你的意見。在澳大利亞，男女同學一起去看電影或聽音樂會被看作是一件很平常的事情，不會有人認為你們有什麼特殊的關系。但是更多的是一群人一起活動，這樣你就更容易掌握自己。

如果你在人際關繫上遇到麻煩，你最好能從別人那裡尋求一些意見和幫助－向朋友，學校的咨詢員，你的課程協調員尋求幫助。澳洲人尊重他人的隱私，如果你沒有要求，別人不會干涉你的生活或主動給你建議。所以，去尋求幫助，不要試圖去掩飾不安，那樣會使事情越來越嚴重－在別人的幫助下，問題往往會很快的解決。

如何表現

澳洲人希望你能獨立。你不提出他們不會給你幫助；但是你一旦提出，他們會盡力幫助你。關鍵的是你自己邁出第一步。

不幹涉他人隱私的習慣在日常談話中也能體現出來。比如。如果你不是很了解一個人，一般你最好只談一些很隨便的話題，如果你第一次見到一個人，就問他的收入，年齡，房租等問題，他會感到很驚訝。如果你對這些問題很好奇，你可以換一個方式，比如："這個城市的房租貴嗎？"或者"一般澳大利亞家庭有幾個孩子？"。

作為一個對這個國家比較陌生的人，你最好避免談論有關澳洲政治方面的問題或是直接批評澳洲－至少在最開始，讓他們自己去批評，你只要保持你自己的想法。

記住每個國家的風俗習慣是不同的，有些方面是普遍的，相同的。一定要有禮貌，當你們之間交流出現問題或是有誤解的時候，好的舉止甚至一個微笑會使你們更容易溝通。人們會幫助你，但是一定是你先提出要求。只要你盡力了，他們會忽視你語言中的錯誤和你的舉止。仔細聽別人怎樣說，看別人怎樣做，然後參加進去。不要因為怕出錯就退縮或是在一旁保持沉默。錯了，然後從別人那裡去學，是你學習過程中非常重要的一部分。

澳大利亞大型活動: 澳大利亞皇家農展會，特產，游樂，特技，娛樂，傳統（每年四月上旬開始）

皇家農展會是澳大利亞的一項獨特的傳統的大型國家級農業展覽會，自從奧林匹克公園建成以來，農展舉行的地址以改在奧林匹克公園，每年四月上旬開始，為期兩個星期。她的性質已以娛樂為主，除了傳統的農場動物，農作物，土特產，藝術品展覽買賣外，還有傳統的農業技術表演，如剪羊毛特技，自動化擠奶，自動化生產牛奶，砍樹樁特技表演，馬技特技表演，狗賽，豬賽，農場動物特技表演，更配有各種大型的游樂場所具有的大型游樂設備及各種游樂活動（如賽車，魔術，小品表演，煙花表演等）讓大家娛樂。

Australian customs in Australia before you arrived, you may have from the book, Australia where tourists come back to your relatives or friends of the experience in Australia or Australians what kind of. You will find some of these views is correct. some of the wrong - just as you would think that some of the Australians of your country's views sometimes be very strange distortion of the same . Australia each of the local customs vary greatly, people's moral values are very different. So sometimes difficult to accept some of the outdated concept. You will find that you continuously compare Australia and your own country, their own behavior. You will begin to meet or find it hard to feel aggrieved graally you will understand the behavior of Australians and to identify what is good and what is bad. Take full advantage of your time to understand the environment here and the people here. Is the most basic and Australians living together harmoniously. Some of the points below may help you to understand the Australians and what kind and how successful they live. Australians respect very proud of himself for the 'egalitarian' is. It is true this conversation very casually. For example : Students usually call the teacher's name, not attitude, as we obviously think that respect. But on the other hand, they treat other people is equally friendly and formal : Clerk, laboratory technicians, librarians and cleaners; bus and taxi drivers; salespersons and bank staff - those who gave students provide services but not 'servants'. Many of them who are very qualifications and experience, if you think they inferior, they will be very dissatisfied. Thus, as one pair of Australian society is very strange person, the most intelligent approach is to each indivial performance of friendship and respect given. Australians talk very candidly speak, and sometimes even rude. You may be a very common curse words or words of anger; For example, a complete stranger who call you 'buddy'; Frequent use of the words kind of speech embodied their accessible. Sometimes the humor and jokes sounds very strange. Their words sometimes make people feel disappointed, but please listen and not on the offensive soon. Observing how they talked to each other, how to react to feel their humor. You do not have to go out of our way to learn them, but you need to understand their conversation implied meaning. You should note Australians often uses the word 'please' and 'thank you', but will appear in different occasions, Therefore, you should always use these words. Generally speaking, when you ask for the time, with 'Please', both articles, information or services; When you receive such a time, with 'Thank you'. For example, in shops, cafes or a bank, you normally thanks to you people providing services. Australians often think foreigners very rude arrogance, because they did not use polite language, and the time the request is using the very blunt language. Foreign students often only thought is to go and effort Australians often misunderstood you. If you can do the courtesy to ask questions and give thanks to the help of other people, you will avoid these problems, because they will realize that you have worked hard the. Special circumstances some of the Australians will have a resentment against foreigners, such as : not by the order of the queue, and friends went to the bars. Many cases people need to wait for a particular service-the post office or bus station-Australians generally not arranged in a very Obviously the team, but our position is very clear what position. One of the unidentified foreigners may not noticed, and that is counter to open the door or the metro car, anyone can forge crowded. This might lead to others of your dissatisfaction or even rudely criticize you. Thus, all waiting until your turn, the people behind you will be the same order. In a bar in accordance with the order is a drink called the rules. If you have been invited a group of Australian friends gathered in a bar, one of whom will be 'called' drinks to everyone here. He or she will "call" and pay. You can according to their own preferences point beer, cola Cheng Squeeze, you have to accept that and allow indivials to pay. When these drinks herself after, another one will be "called" and pay, they will quickly turn to you. If you do not want to ask, if we can call a spade a spade, this is no problem, but not a quick turn when you leave, This will be very discourteous. So in a small group of people gathering and participating in the count before about how much money to spend. Remember : each one requires its own pay is not correct, this round of a 'call' the order was strictly observed by. Respect for the elders of elders Australians will show respect, but not as formal as the Asian countries. They will be in the car for the aged, Sign, or older than their relatives or friends handbag, But not to mention their briefcase or their brother and sister performance of special respect. At home, parents quarrel and is a very normal thing. In schools, students often ask teachers; At the universities, teachers hope the students on their speech or textbook critics. Different people have different points of view, they have the power to cast their expression. Discussion is of great value, if you can not determine how such an occasion in your own performance. So given a good look and listen, then joined into account. Personal relations and other students or friends of interpersonal relationships and in your own country, very different. But you do not have to change themselves, you will find this hard; If you do not want to do, you can refuse the request of others, because they will respect your views. In Australia, men and women students go to a movie or concert is seen as a very normal thing, Some people think that you will not have any special relationship. But more of a group of people together, so that you can more easily control their own. If you interpersonal encounter trouble, you are the best people can seek advice and help-friends, school counselors, your curriculum coordinator for help. Australians respect for the privacy of others, if you do not, others will not interfere with your life or you take the initiative to propose. Therefore, to seek help, not to try to conceal unease, so that things will become more and more serious-in other people's help, usually quickly resolved. How the performance of the Australians hope you can become independent. You do not move they are not going to help you; But you once, they will do our best to help you. The key is that you take the first step. Non-interference in the privacy of others in the habit of daily conversation can be demonstrated. For example. If you do not know much about a person, you generally only the very best casual topic. If the first time you see a person and asked him to the income, age, rent and other issues, he would be surprised. If you are curious about these problems, you can change to a form, for example : "The city's rent expensive?" or "general Australian families had many children?" . As a country of the unfamiliar, your best to avoid talking about the Australian political issues or direct criticism of Australia-at least in the beginning. allowing them to criticism, as long as you maintain your own thoughts. Remember the customs of each country is different, some aspects are universal, the same. Must be polite, when you exchange problems or misunderstanding, good behavior or even a smile you will communicate more easily. People will help you, but you must first request. As long as you work, they will ignore you in the wrong language and your demeanor. Carefully listen to what other people say, watch other people what to do and then get. Not because of the fear that a mistake on the side of the retreat or remain silent. Wrong, then others there to learn, you have the learning process is very important part. Australian major events : Royal Australian agricultural exhibitions and proct, pleasure, acrobats, entertainment, traditional (annually beginning in early April) Royal Agricultural Show is one of Australia's unique tradition of large national agricultural exhibition , since the Olympic Park has been completed, agricultural development to address the change in the Olympic Park, in early April each year. for a period of two weeks. She has been the nature of the entertainment-based, in addition to the traditional farm animals, crops, native procts, the sale of works of art exhibitions, traditional agricultural technologies performances, such as sheep shearing stunts milking automation, automated proction of milk. Hom tree stump stunt performers, stunt performers Ma and technology, competition dogs, pigs tournament, farm animal stunt performances, more equipped with all kinds of large playgrounds with a large play equipment and various recreational activities (such as car racing, magic and variety shows, fireworks display, etc.) so that everyone entertainment.

D. 用英語表示南美洲某個國家的風土人情

法蘭西共和國（法語：république fran aise，英語：the french republic），簡稱法國，是一個本土位於西歐的總統共和制國家，海外領土包括南美洲和南太平洋的一些地區。
法國為歐洲國土面積第三大、西歐面積最大的國家，東與比利時、盧森堡、德國、瑞士、義大利接壤，南與西班牙、安道爾、摩納哥接壤。本土地勢東南高西北低，大致呈六邊形，三面臨水，南臨地中海，西瀕大西洋，西北隔英吉利海峽與英國相望，科西嘉島是法國最大島嶼。法國從中世紀末期開始成為歐洲大國之一，國力於19-20世紀時達到巔峰，建立了當時世界第二大殖民帝國，亦為20世紀人口最稠密的國家。在漫長的歷史中，該國培養了不少對人類發展影響深遠的著名文學家和思想家，此外還具有全球第四多的世界遺產。 .....

E. 以英文為母語的國家風土人情有哪些啊！

二、以英文為母語的國家風土人情 【英國】1、穿花格裙的蘇格蘭男人男人穿裙子在世界不多見，蘇格蘭男人就是其中一例。頭戴小黑呢帽，身著花格裙及短襪，手上拿著管風笛，這是蘇格蘭男人引以為傲的打扮。蘇格蘭人愛穿花格裙，是因為不同圖案的花格布代表著不同的氏族，每一個氏族都為自己設計一種代表氏族精神及血緣關系的花格布裙。當氏族人穿上自己氏族的花格布
，，也同時穿出了他們族人的驕傲、責任與忠誠。2、民俗禮儀英國人給人的印象是及保守又富有幽默感。英國人傾向於接受熟悉的事物，對於新奇或者外來的東西總是持懷疑的態度。英國人比較謙虛，自誇是沒有教養的表現。英國。
三、世界上有哪些商標禁忌 作為一個對這個國家比較陌生的人，你最好避免談論有關澳洲政治方面的問題或是直接批評澳洲－至少在最開始，讓他們自己去批評，你只要保持你自己的想法。記住每個，紐西蘭是世界上唯一有幾維鳥的國家，因此紐西蘭人把它視為民族的象徵。紐西蘭是學校對英語非母語學生提供特別幫助。良好的教育設施和教育環境。

F. 有誰用中文和英語介紹紐西蘭的風土人情

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_zealand -- English instruction.

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0 -- Chinese instruction.

我嘗試過了可以打得開.. 你再試一下, 如果真的不行的話. 到這個http://www.google.com/intl/zh-CN/ 然後再輸入New Zealand Wikipedia. 在那裡有各類語言介紹紐西蘭的.

祝你好運!!

G. 風土人情英語翻譯

local customs and practices;
local manners and feelings;
local conditions and customs
其實要看語境，例如下句便可以不用上列語詞，thick detail 也可解作風土人情
She was curious of the thick detail of london, which had always loomed large and rich to her .
倫敦的風土人情使她嚮往，在她的心目中它始終是一個繁華熱鬧的都市。

H. 了解了當地的風土人情，開闊了眼界 用英語怎麼說

it's broadened our horizon when we knew the local customs and practices.

I. 我想知道關於紐西蘭的知識 任何方面都行 要英文的 謝謝

New Zealand is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean consisting of two large islands (called the North Island and South Island) and many much smaller islands. New Zealand is called Aotearoa in Māori, which translates as the Land of the Long White Cloud.

It is notable for its geographic isolation, being separated from Australia to the northwest by the Tasman Sea, some 2,000 kilometres (1,250 miles) across. Its closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga.

The population of New Zealand is mostly of European descent, with Māori being the largest minority. Non-Māori Polynesian and Asian peoples are also significant minorities, especially in the cities.

Elizabeth II is the Queen of New Zealand and is represented in the country by a non-political Governor-General; the Queen 'reigns but does not rule', so she has no real political influence. Political power is held by the Prime Minister, who is leader of the Government in the democratically-elected Parliament of New Zealand. The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands and Niue, which are entirely self-governing, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency (New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica).

History

New Zealand is one of the most recently settled major land masses. Polynesian settlers arrived in their waka some time between the 13th century and the 15th century to establish the indigenous Māori culture. Settlement of the Chatham Islands to the east of the New Zealand mainland proced the Moriori people, but it is disputed whether they moved there from New Zealand or elsewhere in Polynesia. Most of New Zealand was divided into tribal territories called rohe, resources within which were controlled by an iwi ('nation'). Maori adapted to eating the local marine resources, flora and fauna for food, hunting the giant flightless moa (which soon became extinct), and ate the Polynesian Rat and kumara (sweet potato), which they introced to the country.

The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were led by Abel Janszoon Tasman, who sailed up the west coasts of the South and North Islands in 1642. He named it Staten Landt, believing it to be part of the land Jacob Le Maire had discovered in 1616 off the coast of Chile. Staten Landt appeared on Tasman's first maps of New Zealand, but this was changed by Dutch cartographers to Nova Zeelandia, after the Dutch province of Zeeland, some time after Hendrik Brouwer proved the supposedly South American land to be an island in 1643. The Latin Nova Zeelandia became Nieuw Zeeland in Dutch. Captain James Cook subsequently called the archipelago New Zealand, although the Māori names he recorded for the North and South Islands (as Aehei No Mouwe and Tovy Poenammu respectively[2]) were rejected, and the main three islands became known as North, Middle and South, with the Middle Island being later called the South Island, and the earlier South Island becoming Stewart Island. Cook began extensive surveys of the islands in 1769, leading to European whaling expeditions and eventually significant European colonisation. From as early as the 1780s, Māori had encounters with European sealers and whalers. Acquisition of muskets by those iwi in close contact with European visitors destabilised the existing balance of power between Māori tribes and there was a temporary but intense period of bloody inter-tribal warfare, known as the Musket Wars, which ceased only when all iwi were so armed.

Concern about the exploitation of Māori by Europeans, Church Missionary Society lobbying and French interest in the region led the British to annex New Zealand by Royal Proclamation in January 1840. To legitimise the British annexation, Lieutenant Governor William Hobson had been dispatched in 1839; he hurriedly negotiated the Treaty of Waitangi with northern iwi on his arrival. The Treaty was signed in February, and in recent years it has come to be seen as the founding document of New Zealand. The Māori translation of the treaty promised the Māori tribes "tino rangatiratanga" would be preserved in return for ceding kawanatanga, which the English version translates as "chieftainship" and "sovereignty"; the real meanings are now disputed. Disputes over land sales and sovereignty caused the New Zealand land wars, which took place between 1845 and 1872. In 1975 the Treaty of Waitangi Act established the Waitangi Tribunal, charged with hearing claims of Crown violations of the Treaty of Waitangi. Some Māori tribes and the Moriori never signed the treaty.

New Zealand was initially administered as a part of the colony of New South Wales, and it became a separate colony in 1841. The first capital was Okiato or old Russell in the Bay of Islands but it soon moved to Auckland. European settlement progressed more rapidly than anyone anticipated, and settlers soon outnumbered Māori. Self-government was granted to the settler population in 1852. There were political concerns following the discovery of gold in Central Otago in 1861 that the South Island would form a separate colony, so in 1865 the capital was moved to the more central city of Wellington. New Zealand was involved in a Constitutional Convention in March 1891 in Sydney, New South Wales, along with the Australian colonies. This was to consider a potential constitution for the proposed federation between all the Australasian colonies. New Zealand lost interest in joining Australia in a federation following this convention, though the Australian Constitution still includes provision for New Zealand to be included.

In 1893 New Zealand became the first nation to grant full voting rights to women.

New Zealand became an independent dominion on 26 September 1907, by Royal Proclamation. Full independence was granted by the United Kingdom Parliament with the Statute of Westminster in 1931; it was taken up upon the Statute's adoption by the New Zealand Parliament in 1947. Since then New Zealand has been a sovereign constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations. Compare Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.

Politics

New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. Under the New Zealand Royal Titles Act (1953), Queen Elizabeth II is Queen of New Zealand and is represented as head of state by the Governor-General, currently Dame Silvia Cartwright. Judge Anand Satyanand will assume the role of Governor General when Dame Cartwright's term ends on 04 August 2006.

New Zealand is the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land are occupied by women - The Sovereign Queen Elizabeth II of New Zealand, Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright, Prime Minister Helen Clark, Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives Margaret Wilson and Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias.

The New Zealand Parliament has only one chamber, the House of Representatives, which usually seats 120 members of Parliament. Parliamentary general elections are every three years under a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional (MMP). The 2005 General Election created an 'overhang' of one extra seat (occupied by the Māori Party), e to that party winning more seats in constituencies than the total seats its proportion of the party vote would have given it. Underhangs are also possible.

There is no single written constitution; however, the Constitution Act 1986 is the principal formal statement of New Zealand's constitutional structure. The Governor-General has the power to appoint and dismiss Prime Ministers and to dissolve Parliament. The Governor-General also chairs the Executive Council, which is a formal committee consisting of all ministers of the Crown. Members of the Executive Council are required to be Members of Parliament, and most are also in Cabinet. Cabinet is the most senior policy-making body and is led by the Prime Minister, who is also the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition.

The current Prime Minister is Helen Clark of the Labour Party. She has served two complete terms as Prime Minister and has begun her third. On 17 October 2005 she announced that she had come to a complex arrangement that guaranteed the support of enough parties for her Labour-led coalition to govern. The core of the coalition is a cabinet consisting of Labour Party ministers and Jim Anderton, the Progressive Party's only MP. In addition to the parties represented in cabinet, the leaders of New Zealand First and United Future are ministers outside cabinet. An arrangement of this kind has never been attempted before in New Zealand.

A further arrangement has been made with the Green Party, which has given a commitment not to vote against the government on confidence and supply. This commitment assures the government of a majority of seven MPs on confidence.

The Leader of the Opposition is National Party leader Don Brash, who was formerly Governor of the Reserve Bank.

Major Political Parties:

Labour Party
National Party
Minor Political Parties:

ACT New Zealand.
Green Party
Jim Andertons's Progressive Party
Māori Party
New Zealand First
United Future
The highest court in New Zealand is the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which was established in 2004 following the passage of the Supreme Court Act in 2003. The Act abolished the option to appeal Court of Appeal rulings to the Privy Council in London. The current Chief Justice is Dame Sian Elias. New Zealand's judiciary also includes the High Court, which deals with serious criminal offences and civil matters, and the Court of Appeal, as well as subordinate courts.

[edit]
Foreign relations and military
Main articles: Foreign relations of New Zealand and Military of New Zealand
New Zealand maintains a strong profile on environmental protection, human rights and free trade, particularly in agriculture.

New Zealand is a member of the following geo-political organisations: APEC, East Asia Summit, Commonwealth of Nations, OECD and the United Nations. It has signed up to a number of free trade agreements, of which the most important is Closer Economic Relations with Australia.

For its first hundred years, New Zealand followed the United Kingdom's lead on foreign policy. "Where she goes, we go, where she stands, we stand", said Prime Minister Michael Savage, in declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939. However New Zealand came under the influence of the United States of America for the generation following the war (although New Zealand does still have a good working relationship with the UK).

New Zealand has traditionally worked closely with Australia, whose foreign policy followed a similar historical trend. In turn, many Pacific Islands such as Western Samoa have looked to New Zealand's lead. The American influence on New Zealand was weakened by the disappointment with the Vietnam War, the nuclear danger presented by the Cold War, the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior by France, and by disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues.

New Zealand is a party to the ANZUS security treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States. In 1984 New Zealand refused nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships access to its ports. In 1986 the United States announced that it was suspending its treaty security obligations to New Zealand pending the restoration of port access. The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament and Arms Control Act of 1987 prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons on the territory of New Zealand and the entry into New Zealand waters of nuclear armed or propelled ships. This legislation remains a source of contention and the basis for the United States' continued suspension of treaty obligations to New Zealand.

In addition to the various wars between iwi, and between the British settlers and iwi, New Zealand has fought in the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency (and committed troops, fighters and bombers to the subsequent confrontation with Indonesia), the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War, and briefly sent a unit of army engineers to help with rebuilding Iraqi infrastructure.

The New Zealand military has three branches: the New Zealand Army, the Royal New Zealand Navy, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. New Zealand considers its own national defence needs to be modest; it dismantled its air combat capability in 2001. New Zealand has contributed forces to recent regional and global peacekeeping missions, including those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran/Iraq border, Bougainville and East Timor.

Local government and external territories

The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces. These were abolished in 1876 so that government could be centralised, for financial reasons. As a result, New Zealand has no separately represented subnational entities such as provinces, states or territories, apart from its local government. The spirit of the provinces however still lives on, and there is fierce rivalry exhibited in sporting and cultural events. Since 1876, local government has administered the various regions of New Zealand. In 1989, the government completely reorganised local government, implementing the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities.

Today New Zealand has 12 regional councils for the administration of environmental and transport matters and 74 territorial authorities that administer roading, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. The territorial authorities are 16 city councils, 57 district councils, and the Chatham Islands County Council. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) and the Chatham Islands County Council also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. Territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regional council districts, and a few of them straddle regional council boundaries.

Regions are (asterisks denote unitary authorities): Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne*, Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu-Wanganui, Wellington, Marlborough*, Nelson*, Tasman*, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, Southland, Chatham Islands*.

As a major South Pacific nation, New Zealand has a close working relationship with many Pacific Island nations, and continues a political association with the Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau. New Zealand operates Scott Base in its Antarctic territory, the Ross Dependency. Other countries also use Christchurch to support their Antarctic bases and the city is sometimes known as the "Gateway to Antarctica".

Geography

New Zealand comprises two main islands (called the North and South Islands in English, Te-Ika-a-Maui and Te Wai Pounamu in Māori) and a number of smaller islands. The total land area of New Zealand, 268,680 square kilometres (103,738 sq mi), is a little less than that of Japan and a little more than the United Kingdom. The country extends more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) along its main, north-north-east axis. The most significant of the smaller inhabited islands of New Zealand include Stewart Island/Rakiura; Waiheke Island, in Auckland's Hauraki Gulf; Great Barrier Island, east of the Hauraki Gulf; and the Chatham Islands, named Rekohu by Moriori. The country has extensive marine resources, with the fifth-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering over four million square kilometres (1.5 million sq mi), more than 15 times its land area.[3]

The South Island is the largest land mass, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, the highest peak of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook, 3,754 metres (12,316 ft). There are 18 peaks of more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in the South Island. The North Island is less mountainous than the South, but is marked by volcanism. The tallest North Island mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 m / 9,176 ft), is an active cone volcano. The dramatic and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the proction of television programmes and films, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy.

Aoraki/Mount Cook is the tallest mountain in New ZealandThe climate throughout the country is mild, mostly cool temperate to warm temperate, with temperatures rarely falling below 0°C (32°F) or rising above 30°C (86°F). Conditions vary from wet and cold on the West Coast of the South Island to dry and continental in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland. Of the main cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving only some 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year. Auckland, the wettest, receives a little less than three times that amount.

Flora and fauna

Because of its long isolation from the rest of the world and its island biogeography, New Zealand has extraordinary flora and fauna. About 80% of the New Zealand flora occurs only in New Zealand, including more than 40 endemic genera.[4] The two main types of forest have been dominated by podocarps including the giant kauri and southern beech. The remaining vegetation types in New Zealand are grasslands of tussock and other grasses, usually in sub-alpine areas, and the low shrublands between grasslands and forests.

Until the arrival of the first humans, 80% of the land was forested and, barring three species of bat (one now extinct), there were no non-marine mammals. Instead, New Zealand's forests were inhabited by a diverse range of birds including the flightless moa (now extinct), and the kiwi, kakapo, and takahē, all endangered e to human actions. Unique birds capable of flight include the Haast's eagle, which was the world's largest bird of prey (now extinct), and the large kākā and kea parrots. Reptiles present in New Zealand include skinks, geckos and tuatara. There are no snakes but there are many species of insects, including the weta, one species of which may grow as large as a house mouse and is the heaviest insect in the world.

New Zealand has led the world in clearing offshore islands of introced mammalian pests and reintrocing rare native species to ensure their survival. A more recent development is the mainland ecological island.

Economy

New Zealand has a modern, developed economy with an estimated GDP of $97.39 billion (2005).

The country has a relatively high standard of living with GDP per capita estimated at $24,100. The standard of living has also been measured in other forms, including being ranked 19th on the 2005 Human Development Index and 15th in The Economist's 2005 world-wide quality-of-life index.

The Tertiary sector is the largest sector in the economy and constitutes 67.6% of GDP, followed by the Secondary sector on 27.8% and the Primary sector on 4.7% (2005 estimate).

New Zealand is a country heavily dependent on trade (particularly in agricultural procts) as almost 20% of the country's output is exported. This leaves New Zealand particularly vulnerable to global economic slowdowns and slumps in commodity prices. Its principal export instries are agriculture, horticulture, fishing and forestry making up about half of the countries exports. New Zealand』s major export partners are Australia 22.4%, US 11.3%, Japan 11.2%, China 9.7%, Germany 5.2% (2004). This is a dramatic change from 1965 when the United Kingdom received over half of New Zealand』s exports.

Due to changing economic conditions, since 1984 successive governments have engaged in major macroeconomic restructuring, transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist and regulated economy to a liberalised free-trade economy. Pursuant to this policy, ring the late 1980s and early 1990s, the New Zealand Government sold a number of former government owned enterprises including its telecommunications company, railway network, a numbe

J. 外國風土人情（英語200詞以內）

Australian customs in Australia before you arrived, you may have from the book, Australia where tourists come back to your relatives or friends of the experience in Australia or Australians what kind of. You will find some of these views is correct. some of the wrong - just as you would think that some of the Australians of your country's views sometimes be very strange distortion of the same . Australia each of the local customs vary greatly, people's moral values are very different. So sometimes difficult to accept some of the outdated concept. You will find that you continuously compare Australia and your own country, their own behavior.
澳洲風土人情

在你到達澳大利亞之前，你也許已經從書上、澳洲回來的旅遊者那裡或是你的親戚朋友的經驗得知澳洲或澳洲人是什麼樣的。你會發現這些觀點是部分正確，部分錯誤的－就像你會認為一些澳洲人對你的國家的一些看法有時會被很奇怪的歪曲了一樣。澳洲各個地方的風土人情差別很大，人們的道德觀念也有很大差異，所以有時很難接受一些陳舊的觀念。你會發現你在不斷的比較澳洲和你自己的國家，各自不同的行為方式。開始你會感到很難適應或感到不滿，漸漸的你會理解澳洲人的行為方式並且去鑒別什麼是好的，什麼是壞的。