新西兰风土人情英语怎么说

A. 新西兰风俗习惯的英语作文

The founders of a new colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project, have invariably recognised it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, and another portion as the site of a prison. In accordance with this rule it may safely be assumed that the forefathers of Boston had built the first prison-house somewhere in the Vicinity of Cornhill, almost as seasonably as they marked out the first burial-ground, on Isaac Johnson's lot, and round about his grave, which subsequently became the nucleus of all the congregated sepulchres in the old churchyard of King's Chapel. Certain it is that, some fifteen or twenty years after the settlement of the town, the wooden jail was already marked with weather-stains and other indications of age, which gave a yet darker aspect to its beetle-browed and gloomy front. The rust on the ponderous iron-work of its oaken door looked more antique than anything else in the New World. Like all that pertains to crime, it seemed never to have known a youthful era. Before this ugly edifice, and between it and the wheel-track of the street, was a grass-plot, much overgrown with burdock, pig-weed, apple-pern, and such unsightly vegetation, which evidently found something congenial in the soil that had so early borne the black flower of civilised society, a prison. But on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rose-hush, covered, in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and to the condemned criminal as he came forth to his doom of Nature could pity and be kind to him.

B. 用英语简单介绍一个国家的风土人情

以巴西为例，具体如下：

The Federal Republic of Brazil, Brazil for short, derives its name from Brazilian mahogany. It is the largest country in South America and enjoys the reputation of "the Kingdom of Football". The total land area is 8.5149 million square kilometers, ranking fifth in the world. The total population is 208.6 million.

It borders Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. Brazil is divided into 26 states and a federal district, with municipalities under the states.

C. 外国风土人情（英语）

澳洲风土人情

在你到达澳大利亚之前，你也许已经从书上、澳洲回来的旅游者那里或是你的亲戚朋友的经验得知澳洲或澳洲人是什么样的。你会发现这些观点是部分正确，部分错误的－就像你会认为一些澳洲人对你的国家的一些看法有时会被很奇怪的歪曲了一样。澳洲各个地方的风土人情差别很大，人们的道德观念也有很大差异，所以有时很难接受一些陈旧的观念。你会发现你在不断的比较澳洲和你自己的国家，各自不同的行为方式。开始你会感到很难适应或感到不满，渐渐的你会理解澳洲人的行为方式并且去鉴别什么是好的，什么是坏的。

充分利用你的时间去了解这里的环境和这里的人。最基本的是要和澳洲人相处融洽。下面一些观点也许会帮助你去了解澳洲人什么样和怎样去和他们成功的相处。

尊敬

澳洲人很自豪的称自己为'平等主义者'。事实确实是这样，谈话非常随便。比如：学生通常称呼老师的名字，态度也不象我们理所当然认为的尊敬。

但另一方面，他们对待其他人也是同样的友好和不正式：秘书，实验室的技师，图书管理员和清洁工；公共汽车和出租车司机；售货员和银行职员－这些人都给学生提供服务但不是'佣人'。他们中的许多人都是很有资历和经验的，如果你认为他们低人一等，他们会非常不满。所以，作为一个对澳洲社会很陌生的人，最聪明的办法就是对每个人都表现友好和给予尊敬。

谈话

澳洲人说话非常直率，有时甚至是粗鲁。你也许会被一句很普通的骂人话或说话的方式触怒；比如，一个完全陌生的人称呼你为'哥们儿'；经常用演讲的说话方式来体现他们的容易接近。有时他们的幽默和玩笑听起来非常怪异。他们的话语有时让人觉得失望，但是请认真听，不要很快就反感。去观察他们互相怎样交谈，怎样反应，去感觉他们的幽默。你不用特意去学他们，但是你需要去理解他们交谈中暗含的意思。

你应该会注意到澳洲人经常用'请'和'谢谢'，而且会出现在不同的场合，所以你也应该经常用这些词。总的来说，当你要求什么的时候，要用'请'，无论是物品，信息或服务；当你接收这些的时候，要用'谢谢'。比如，在商店，咖啡厅或银行，你通常会感谢给你提供服务的人。澳洲人经常会认为外国人很粗鲁傲慢，因为他们没有用这些礼貌用语，并且提出要求的时候用的是非常生硬的语言。外国学生经常仅仅是去费尽力气去说而澳洲人往往会误解你。如果你能做到礼貌的去问问题和感谢别人给予的帮助，你会避免这些问题，因为他们会认识到你已经尽力了。

特殊的情况

有一些情况会使澳洲人对外国人产生反感，如：不按秩序排队，和朋友去酒吧。

许多情况下人们需要排队等候某项服务－在邮局或公共汽车站－澳洲人一般不会排成一个很明显的队，但是很明确自己站在什么位置。一个不明情况的外国人很可能没有注意到，而认为柜台开门或者汽车进站的时候，谁都可以往前挤。这样很可能导致别人对你的不满甚至会粗暴的批评你。所以，一直等候直到轮到你，在你后面的人一样会守秩序。

在酒吧按照秩序叫饮料也是一个规矩。如果你被一群澳洲朋友邀请在酒吧聚会，其中一人会'叫'饮料给在座的每一个人，他或她会"叫"并且付钱。你可以依自己的喜好点啤酒，澄汁或可乐，你必须接收并让那个人付钱。当这些饮料喝完了以后，另外一个人会"叫"并且付钱，很快就会轮到你了。如果你不想叫，只要实话实说就可以了，这没有问题，但是不要在快轮到你的时候离开，这将是很不礼貌的。所以参加一小群人的聚会并且在参加之前大概算一算要花多少钱。记住：每一轮都要求自己付钱也是不对的，这种轮着'叫'的秩序是被严格的遵守着的。

尊重长辈

澳洲人对长辈都会表现出尊重，但是不会象亚洲国家那样正式。他们会在汽车上给老年人让座，或为比自己年纪大的亲戚或朋友提包，但是不会为他们提公文包或对他们的哥哥姐姐表现特殊的尊敬。在家里，和父母争吵是很平常的事情；在学校，学生经常会反问老师；在大学，老师很希望学生对他们的演讲或课本提出批评。不同的人有不同的观点，他们有权力有礼貌的表达出来。讨论是很有价值的，如果你不能确定在这种场合如何表现你自己，那么就坐下来认真看和听，然后再加入进去。

个人关系

和其他学生或朋友的人际关系会和你在自己的国家大不相同。但是你不必去改变自己，这样你会感到很难受；如果你不希望去做，你可以拒绝别人的要求，因为他们会尊重你的意见。在澳大利亚，男女同学一起去看电影或听音乐会被看作是一件很平常的事情，不会有人认为你们有什么特殊的关系。但是更多的是一群人一起活动，这样你就更容易掌握自己。

如果你在人际关系上遇到麻烦，你最好能从别人那里寻求一些意见和帮助－向朋友，学校的咨询员，你的课程协调员寻求帮助。澳洲人尊重他人的隐私，如果你没有要求，别人不会干涉你的生活或主动给你建议。所以，去寻求帮助，不要试图去掩饰不安，那样会使事情越来越严重－在别人的帮助下，问题往往会很快的解决。

如何表现

澳洲人希望你能独立。你不提出他们不会给你帮助；但是你一旦提出，他们会尽力帮助你。关键的是你自己迈出第一步。

不干涉他人隐私的习惯在日常谈话中也能体现出来。比如。如果你不是很了解一个人，一般你最好只谈一些很随便的话题，如果你第一次见到一个人，就问他的收入，年龄，房租等问题，他会感到很惊讶。如果你对这些问题很好奇，你可以换一个方式，比如："这个城市的房租贵吗？"或者"一般澳大利亚家庭有几个孩子？"。

作为一个对这个国家比较陌生的人，你最好避免谈论有关澳洲政治方面的问题或是直接批评澳洲－至少在最开始，让他们自己去批评，你只要保持你自己的想法。

记住每个国家的风俗习惯是不同的，有些方面是普遍的，相同的。一定要有礼貌，当你们之间交流出现问题或是有误解的时候，好的举止甚至一个微笑会使你们更容易沟通。人们会帮助你，但是一定是你先提出要求。只要你尽力了，他们会忽视你语言中的错误和你的举止。仔细听别人怎样说，看别人怎样做，然后参加进去。不要因为怕出错就退缩或是在一旁保持沉默。错了，然后从别人那里去学，是你学习过程中非常重要的一部分。

澳大利亚大型活动: 澳大利亚皇家农展会，特产，游乐，特技，娱乐，传统（每年四月上旬开始）

皇家农展会是澳大利亚的一项独特的传统的大型国家级农业展览会，自从奥林匹克公园建成以来，农展举行的地址以改在奥林匹克公园，每年四月上旬开始，为期两个星期。她的性质已以娱乐为主，除了传统的农场动物，农作物，土特产，艺术品展览买卖外，还有传统的农业技术表演，如剪羊毛特技，自动化挤奶，自动化生产牛奶，砍树桩特技表演，马技特技表演，狗赛，猪赛，农场动物特技表演，更配有各种大型的游乐场所具有的大型游乐设备及各种游乐活动（如赛车，魔术，小品表演，烟花表演等）让大家娱乐。

Australian customs in Australia before you arrived, you may have from the book, Australia where tourists come back to your relatives or friends of the experience in Australia or Australians what kind of. You will find some of these views is correct. some of the wrong - just as you would think that some of the Australians of your country's views sometimes be very strange distortion of the same . Australia each of the local customs vary greatly, people's moral values are very different. So sometimes difficult to accept some of the outdated concept. You will find that you continuously compare Australia and your own country, their own behavior. You will begin to meet or find it hard to feel aggrieved graally you will understand the behavior of Australians and to identify what is good and what is bad. Take full advantage of your time to understand the environment here and the people here. Is the most basic and Australians living together harmoniously. Some of the points below may help you to understand the Australians and what kind and how successful they live. Australians respect very proud of himself for the 'egalitarian' is. It is true this conversation very casually. For example : Students usually call the teacher's name, not attitude, as we obviously think that respect. But on the other hand, they treat other people is equally friendly and formal : Clerk, laboratory technicians, librarians and cleaners; bus and taxi drivers; salespersons and bank staff - those who gave students provide services but not 'servants'. Many of them who are very qualifications and experience, if you think they inferior, they will be very dissatisfied. Thus, as one pair of Australian society is very strange person, the most intelligent approach is to each indivial performance of friendship and respect given. Australians talk very candidly speak, and sometimes even rude. You may be a very common curse words or words of anger; For example, a complete stranger who call you 'buddy'; Frequent use of the words kind of speech embodied their accessible. Sometimes the humor and jokes sounds very strange. Their words sometimes make people feel disappointed, but please listen and not on the offensive soon. Observing how they talked to each other, how to react to feel their humor. You do not have to go out of our way to learn them, but you need to understand their conversation implied meaning. You should note Australians often uses the word 'please' and 'thank you', but will appear in different occasions, Therefore, you should always use these words. Generally speaking, when you ask for the time, with 'Please', both articles, information or services; When you receive such a time, with 'Thank you'. For example, in shops, cafes or a bank, you normally thanks to you people providing services. Australians often think foreigners very rude arrogance, because they did not use polite language, and the time the request is using the very blunt language. Foreign students often only thought is to go and effort Australians often misunderstood you. If you can do the courtesy to ask questions and give thanks to the help of other people, you will avoid these problems, because they will realize that you have worked hard the. Special circumstances some of the Australians will have a resentment against foreigners, such as : not by the order of the queue, and friends went to the bars. Many cases people need to wait for a particular service-the post office or bus station-Australians generally not arranged in a very Obviously the team, but our position is very clear what position. One of the unidentified foreigners may not noticed, and that is counter to open the door or the metro car, anyone can forge crowded. This might lead to others of your dissatisfaction or even rudely criticize you. Thus, all waiting until your turn, the people behind you will be the same order. In a bar in accordance with the order is a drink called the rules. If you have been invited a group of Australian friends gathered in a bar, one of whom will be 'called' drinks to everyone here. He or she will "call" and pay. You can according to their own preferences point beer, cola Cheng Squeeze, you have to accept that and allow indivials to pay. When these drinks herself after, another one will be "called" and pay, they will quickly turn to you. If you do not want to ask, if we can call a spade a spade, this is no problem, but not a quick turn when you leave, This will be very discourteous. So in a small group of people gathering and participating in the count before about how much money to spend. Remember : each one requires its own pay is not correct, this round of a 'call' the order was strictly observed by. Respect for the elders of elders Australians will show respect, but not as formal as the Asian countries. They will be in the car for the aged, Sign, or older than their relatives or friends handbag, But not to mention their briefcase or their brother and sister performance of special respect. At home, parents quarrel and is a very normal thing. In schools, students often ask teachers; At the universities, teachers hope the students on their speech or textbook critics. Different people have different points of view, they have the power to cast their expression. Discussion is of great value, if you can not determine how such an occasion in your own performance. So given a good look and listen, then joined into account. Personal relations and other students or friends of interpersonal relationships and in your own country, very different. But you do not have to change themselves, you will find this hard; If you do not want to do, you can refuse the request of others, because they will respect your views. In Australia, men and women students go to a movie or concert is seen as a very normal thing, Some people think that you will not have any special relationship. But more of a group of people together, so that you can more easily control their own. If you interpersonal encounter trouble, you are the best people can seek advice and help-friends, school counselors, your curriculum coordinator for help. Australians respect for the privacy of others, if you do not, others will not interfere with your life or you take the initiative to propose. Therefore, to seek help, not to try to conceal unease, so that things will become more and more serious-in other people's help, usually quickly resolved. How the performance of the Australians hope you can become independent. You do not move they are not going to help you; But you once, they will do our best to help you. The key is that you take the first step. Non-interference in the privacy of others in the habit of daily conversation can be demonstrated. For example. If you do not know much about a person, you generally only the very best casual topic. If the first time you see a person and asked him to the income, age, rent and other issues, he would be surprised. If you are curious about these problems, you can change to a form, for example : "The city's rent expensive?" or "general Australian families had many children?" . As a country of the unfamiliar, your best to avoid talking about the Australian political issues or direct criticism of Australia-at least in the beginning. allowing them to criticism, as long as you maintain your own thoughts. Remember the customs of each country is different, some aspects are universal, the same. Must be polite, when you exchange problems or misunderstanding, good behavior or even a smile you will communicate more easily. People will help you, but you must first request. As long as you work, they will ignore you in the wrong language and your demeanor. Carefully listen to what other people say, watch other people what to do and then get. Not because of the fear that a mistake on the side of the retreat or remain silent. Wrong, then others there to learn, you have the learning process is very important part. Australian major events : Royal Australian agricultural exhibitions and proct, pleasure, acrobats, entertainment, traditional (annually beginning in early April) Royal Agricultural Show is one of Australia's unique tradition of large national agricultural exhibition , since the Olympic Park has been completed, agricultural development to address the change in the Olympic Park, in early April each year. for a period of two weeks. She has been the nature of the entertainment-based, in addition to the traditional farm animals, crops, native procts, the sale of works of art exhibitions, traditional agricultural technologies performances, such as sheep shearing stunts milking automation, automated proction of milk. Hom tree stump stunt performers, stunt performers Ma and technology, competition dogs, pigs tournament, farm animal stunt performances, more equipped with all kinds of large playgrounds with a large play equipment and various recreational activities (such as car racing, magic and variety shows, fireworks display, etc.) so that everyone entertainment.

D. 用英语表示南美洲某个国家的风土人情

法兰西共和国（法语：république fran aise，英语：the french republic），简称法国，是一个本土位于西欧的总统共和制国家，海外领土包括南美洲和南太平洋的一些地区。
法国为欧洲国土面积第三大、西欧面积最大的国家，东与比利时、卢森堡、德国、瑞士、意大利接壤，南与西班牙、安道尔、摩纳哥接壤。本土地势东南高西北低，大致呈六边形，三面临水，南临地中海，西濒大西洋，西北隔英吉利海峡与英国相望，科西嘉岛是法国最大岛屿。法国从中世纪末期开始成为欧洲大国之一，国力于19-20世纪时达到巅峰，建立了当时世界第二大殖民帝国，亦为20世纪人口最稠密的国家。在漫长的历史中，该国培养了不少对人类发展影响深远的着名文学家和思想家，此外还具有全球第四多的世界遗产。 .....

E. 以英文为母语的国家风土人情有哪些啊！

二、以英文为母语的国家风土人情 【英国】1、穿花格裙的苏格兰男人男人穿裙子在世界不多见，苏格兰男人就是其中一例。头戴小黑呢帽，身着花格裙及短袜，手上拿着管风笛，这是苏格兰男人引以为傲的打扮。苏格兰人爱穿花格裙，是因为不同图案的花格布代表着不同的氏族，每一个氏族都为自己设计一种代表氏族精神及血缘关系的花格布裙。当氏族人穿上自己氏族的花格布
，，也同时穿出了他们族人的骄傲、责任与忠诚。2、民俗礼仪英国人给人的印象是及保守又富有幽默感。英国人倾向于接受熟悉的事物，对于新奇或者外来的东西总是持怀疑的态度。英国人比较谦虚，自夸是没有教养的表现。英国。
三、世界上有哪些商标禁忌 作为一个对这个国家比较陌生的人，你最好避免谈论有关澳洲政治方面的问题或是直接批评澳洲－至少在最开始，让他们自己去批评，你只要保持你自己的想法。记住每个，新西兰是世界上唯一有几维鸟的国家，因此新西兰人把它视为民族的象征。新西兰是学校对英语非母语学生提供特别帮助。良好的教育设施和教育环境。

F. 有谁用中文和英语介绍新西兰的风土人情

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_zealand -- English instruction.

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0 -- Chinese instruction.

我尝试过了可以打得开.. 你再试一下, 如果真的不行的话. 到这个http://www.google.com/intl/zh-CN/ 然后再输入New Zealand Wikipedia. 在那里有各类语言介绍新西兰的.

祝你好运!!

G. 风土人情英语翻译

local customs and practices;
local manners and feelings;
local conditions and customs
其实要看语境，例如下句便可以不用上列语词，thick detail 也可解作风土人情
She was curious of the thick detail of london, which had always loomed large and rich to her .
伦敦的风土人情使她向往，在她的心目中它始终是一个繁华热闹的都市。

H. 了解了当地的风土人情，开阔了眼界 用英语怎么说

it's broadened our horizon when we knew the local customs and practices.

I. 我想知道关于新西兰的知识 任何方面都行 要英文的 谢谢

New Zealand is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean consisting of two large islands (called the North Island and South Island) and many much smaller islands. New Zealand is called Aotearoa in Māori, which translates as the Land of the Long White Cloud.

It is notable for its geographic isolation, being separated from Australia to the northwest by the Tasman Sea, some 2,000 kilometres (1,250 miles) across. Its closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga.

The population of New Zealand is mostly of European descent, with Māori being the largest minority. Non-Māori Polynesian and Asian peoples are also significant minorities, especially in the cities.

Elizabeth II is the Queen of New Zealand and is represented in the country by a non-political Governor-General; the Queen 'reigns but does not rule', so she has no real political influence. Political power is held by the Prime Minister, who is leader of the Government in the democratically-elected Parliament of New Zealand. The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands and Niue, which are entirely self-governing, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency (New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica).

History

New Zealand is one of the most recently settled major land masses. Polynesian settlers arrived in their waka some time between the 13th century and the 15th century to establish the indigenous Māori culture. Settlement of the Chatham Islands to the east of the New Zealand mainland proced the Moriori people, but it is disputed whether they moved there from New Zealand or elsewhere in Polynesia. Most of New Zealand was divided into tribal territories called rohe, resources within which were controlled by an iwi ('nation'). Maori adapted to eating the local marine resources, flora and fauna for food, hunting the giant flightless moa (which soon became extinct), and ate the Polynesian Rat and kumara (sweet potato), which they introced to the country.

The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were led by Abel Janszoon Tasman, who sailed up the west coasts of the South and North Islands in 1642. He named it Staten Landt, believing it to be part of the land Jacob Le Maire had discovered in 1616 off the coast of Chile. Staten Landt appeared on Tasman's first maps of New Zealand, but this was changed by Dutch cartographers to Nova Zeelandia, after the Dutch province of Zeeland, some time after Hendrik Brouwer proved the supposedly South American land to be an island in 1643. The Latin Nova Zeelandia became Nieuw Zeeland in Dutch. Captain James Cook subsequently called the archipelago New Zealand, although the Māori names he recorded for the North and South Islands (as Aehei No Mouwe and Tovy Poenammu respectively[2]) were rejected, and the main three islands became known as North, Middle and South, with the Middle Island being later called the South Island, and the earlier South Island becoming Stewart Island. Cook began extensive surveys of the islands in 1769, leading to European whaling expeditions and eventually significant European colonisation. From as early as the 1780s, Māori had encounters with European sealers and whalers. Acquisition of muskets by those iwi in close contact with European visitors destabilised the existing balance of power between Māori tribes and there was a temporary but intense period of bloody inter-tribal warfare, known as the Musket Wars, which ceased only when all iwi were so armed.

Concern about the exploitation of Māori by Europeans, Church Missionary Society lobbying and French interest in the region led the British to annex New Zealand by Royal Proclamation in January 1840. To legitimise the British annexation, Lieutenant Governor William Hobson had been dispatched in 1839; he hurriedly negotiated the Treaty of Waitangi with northern iwi on his arrival. The Treaty was signed in February, and in recent years it has come to be seen as the founding document of New Zealand. The Māori translation of the treaty promised the Māori tribes "tino rangatiratanga" would be preserved in return for ceding kawanatanga, which the English version translates as "chieftainship" and "sovereignty"; the real meanings are now disputed. Disputes over land sales and sovereignty caused the New Zealand land wars, which took place between 1845 and 1872. In 1975 the Treaty of Waitangi Act established the Waitangi Tribunal, charged with hearing claims of Crown violations of the Treaty of Waitangi. Some Māori tribes and the Moriori never signed the treaty.

New Zealand was initially administered as a part of the colony of New South Wales, and it became a separate colony in 1841. The first capital was Okiato or old Russell in the Bay of Islands but it soon moved to Auckland. European settlement progressed more rapidly than anyone anticipated, and settlers soon outnumbered Māori. Self-government was granted to the settler population in 1852. There were political concerns following the discovery of gold in Central Otago in 1861 that the South Island would form a separate colony, so in 1865 the capital was moved to the more central city of Wellington. New Zealand was involved in a Constitutional Convention in March 1891 in Sydney, New South Wales, along with the Australian colonies. This was to consider a potential constitution for the proposed federation between all the Australasian colonies. New Zealand lost interest in joining Australia in a federation following this convention, though the Australian Constitution still includes provision for New Zealand to be included.

In 1893 New Zealand became the first nation to grant full voting rights to women.

New Zealand became an independent dominion on 26 September 1907, by Royal Proclamation. Full independence was granted by the United Kingdom Parliament with the Statute of Westminster in 1931; it was taken up upon the Statute's adoption by the New Zealand Parliament in 1947. Since then New Zealand has been a sovereign constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations. Compare Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.

Politics

New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. Under the New Zealand Royal Titles Act (1953), Queen Elizabeth II is Queen of New Zealand and is represented as head of state by the Governor-General, currently Dame Silvia Cartwright. Judge Anand Satyanand will assume the role of Governor General when Dame Cartwright's term ends on 04 August 2006.

New Zealand is the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land are occupied by women - The Sovereign Queen Elizabeth II of New Zealand, Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright, Prime Minister Helen Clark, Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives Margaret Wilson and Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias.

The New Zealand Parliament has only one chamber, the House of Representatives, which usually seats 120 members of Parliament. Parliamentary general elections are every three years under a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional (MMP). The 2005 General Election created an 'overhang' of one extra seat (occupied by the Māori Party), e to that party winning more seats in constituencies than the total seats its proportion of the party vote would have given it. Underhangs are also possible.

There is no single written constitution; however, the Constitution Act 1986 is the principal formal statement of New Zealand's constitutional structure. The Governor-General has the power to appoint and dismiss Prime Ministers and to dissolve Parliament. The Governor-General also chairs the Executive Council, which is a formal committee consisting of all ministers of the Crown. Members of the Executive Council are required to be Members of Parliament, and most are also in Cabinet. Cabinet is the most senior policy-making body and is led by the Prime Minister, who is also the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition.

The current Prime Minister is Helen Clark of the Labour Party. She has served two complete terms as Prime Minister and has begun her third. On 17 October 2005 she announced that she had come to a complex arrangement that guaranteed the support of enough parties for her Labour-led coalition to govern. The core of the coalition is a cabinet consisting of Labour Party ministers and Jim Anderton, the Progressive Party's only MP. In addition to the parties represented in cabinet, the leaders of New Zealand First and United Future are ministers outside cabinet. An arrangement of this kind has never been attempted before in New Zealand.

A further arrangement has been made with the Green Party, which has given a commitment not to vote against the government on confidence and supply. This commitment assures the government of a majority of seven MPs on confidence.

The Leader of the Opposition is National Party leader Don Brash, who was formerly Governor of the Reserve Bank.

Major Political Parties:

Labour Party
National Party
Minor Political Parties:

ACT New Zealand.
Green Party
Jim Andertons's Progressive Party
Māori Party
New Zealand First
United Future
The highest court in New Zealand is the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which was established in 2004 following the passage of the Supreme Court Act in 2003. The Act abolished the option to appeal Court of Appeal rulings to the Privy Council in London. The current Chief Justice is Dame Sian Elias. New Zealand's judiciary also includes the High Court, which deals with serious criminal offences and civil matters, and the Court of Appeal, as well as subordinate courts.

[edit]
Foreign relations and military
Main articles: Foreign relations of New Zealand and Military of New Zealand
New Zealand maintains a strong profile on environmental protection, human rights and free trade, particularly in agriculture.

New Zealand is a member of the following geo-political organisations: APEC, East Asia Summit, Commonwealth of Nations, OECD and the United Nations. It has signed up to a number of free trade agreements, of which the most important is Closer Economic Relations with Australia.

For its first hundred years, New Zealand followed the United Kingdom's lead on foreign policy. "Where she goes, we go, where she stands, we stand", said Prime Minister Michael Savage, in declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939. However New Zealand came under the influence of the United States of America for the generation following the war (although New Zealand does still have a good working relationship with the UK).

New Zealand has traditionally worked closely with Australia, whose foreign policy followed a similar historical trend. In turn, many Pacific Islands such as Western Samoa have looked to New Zealand's lead. The American influence on New Zealand was weakened by the disappointment with the Vietnam War, the nuclear danger presented by the Cold War, the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior by France, and by disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues.

New Zealand is a party to the ANZUS security treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States. In 1984 New Zealand refused nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships access to its ports. In 1986 the United States announced that it was suspending its treaty security obligations to New Zealand pending the restoration of port access. The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament and Arms Control Act of 1987 prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons on the territory of New Zealand and the entry into New Zealand waters of nuclear armed or propelled ships. This legislation remains a source of contention and the basis for the United States' continued suspension of treaty obligations to New Zealand.

In addition to the various wars between iwi, and between the British settlers and iwi, New Zealand has fought in the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency (and committed troops, fighters and bombers to the subsequent confrontation with Indonesia), the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War, and briefly sent a unit of army engineers to help with rebuilding Iraqi infrastructure.

The New Zealand military has three branches: the New Zealand Army, the Royal New Zealand Navy, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. New Zealand considers its own national defence needs to be modest; it dismantled its air combat capability in 2001. New Zealand has contributed forces to recent regional and global peacekeeping missions, including those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran/Iraq border, Bougainville and East Timor.

Local government and external territories

The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces. These were abolished in 1876 so that government could be centralised, for financial reasons. As a result, New Zealand has no separately represented subnational entities such as provinces, states or territories, apart from its local government. The spirit of the provinces however still lives on, and there is fierce rivalry exhibited in sporting and cultural events. Since 1876, local government has administered the various regions of New Zealand. In 1989, the government completely reorganised local government, implementing the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities.

Today New Zealand has 12 regional councils for the administration of environmental and transport matters and 74 territorial authorities that administer roading, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. The territorial authorities are 16 city councils, 57 district councils, and the Chatham Islands County Council. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) and the Chatham Islands County Council also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. Territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regional council districts, and a few of them straddle regional council boundaries.

Regions are (asterisks denote unitary authorities): Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne*, Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu-Wanganui, Wellington, Marlborough*, Nelson*, Tasman*, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, Southland, Chatham Islands*.

As a major South Pacific nation, New Zealand has a close working relationship with many Pacific Island nations, and continues a political association with the Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau. New Zealand operates Scott Base in its Antarctic territory, the Ross Dependency. Other countries also use Christchurch to support their Antarctic bases and the city is sometimes known as the "Gateway to Antarctica".

Geography

New Zealand comprises two main islands (called the North and South Islands in English, Te-Ika-a-Maui and Te Wai Pounamu in Māori) and a number of smaller islands. The total land area of New Zealand, 268,680 square kilometres (103,738 sq mi), is a little less than that of Japan and a little more than the United Kingdom. The country extends more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) along its main, north-north-east axis. The most significant of the smaller inhabited islands of New Zealand include Stewart Island/Rakiura; Waiheke Island, in Auckland's Hauraki Gulf; Great Barrier Island, east of the Hauraki Gulf; and the Chatham Islands, named Rekohu by Moriori. The country has extensive marine resources, with the fifth-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering over four million square kilometres (1.5 million sq mi), more than 15 times its land area.[3]

The South Island is the largest land mass, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, the highest peak of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook, 3,754 metres (12,316 ft). There are 18 peaks of more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in the South Island. The North Island is less mountainous than the South, but is marked by volcanism. The tallest North Island mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 m / 9,176 ft), is an active cone volcano. The dramatic and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the proction of television programmes and films, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy.

Aoraki/Mount Cook is the tallest mountain in New ZealandThe climate throughout the country is mild, mostly cool temperate to warm temperate, with temperatures rarely falling below 0°C (32°F) or rising above 30°C (86°F). Conditions vary from wet and cold on the West Coast of the South Island to dry and continental in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland. Of the main cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving only some 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year. Auckland, the wettest, receives a little less than three times that amount.

Flora and fauna

Because of its long isolation from the rest of the world and its island biogeography, New Zealand has extraordinary flora and fauna. About 80% of the New Zealand flora occurs only in New Zealand, including more than 40 endemic genera.[4] The two main types of forest have been dominated by podocarps including the giant kauri and southern beech. The remaining vegetation types in New Zealand are grasslands of tussock and other grasses, usually in sub-alpine areas, and the low shrublands between grasslands and forests.

Until the arrival of the first humans, 80% of the land was forested and, barring three species of bat (one now extinct), there were no non-marine mammals. Instead, New Zealand's forests were inhabited by a diverse range of birds including the flightless moa (now extinct), and the kiwi, kakapo, and takahē, all endangered e to human actions. Unique birds capable of flight include the Haast's eagle, which was the world's largest bird of prey (now extinct), and the large kākā and kea parrots. Reptiles present in New Zealand include skinks, geckos and tuatara. There are no snakes but there are many species of insects, including the weta, one species of which may grow as large as a house mouse and is the heaviest insect in the world.

New Zealand has led the world in clearing offshore islands of introced mammalian pests and reintrocing rare native species to ensure their survival. A more recent development is the mainland ecological island.

Economy

New Zealand has a modern, developed economy with an estimated GDP of $97.39 billion (2005).

The country has a relatively high standard of living with GDP per capita estimated at $24,100. The standard of living has also been measured in other forms, including being ranked 19th on the 2005 Human Development Index and 15th in The Economist's 2005 world-wide quality-of-life index.

The Tertiary sector is the largest sector in the economy and constitutes 67.6% of GDP, followed by the Secondary sector on 27.8% and the Primary sector on 4.7% (2005 estimate).

New Zealand is a country heavily dependent on trade (particularly in agricultural procts) as almost 20% of the country's output is exported. This leaves New Zealand particularly vulnerable to global economic slowdowns and slumps in commodity prices. Its principal export instries are agriculture, horticulture, fishing and forestry making up about half of the countries exports. New Zealand’s major export partners are Australia 22.4%, US 11.3%, Japan 11.2%, China 9.7%, Germany 5.2% (2004). This is a dramatic change from 1965 when the United Kingdom received over half of New Zealand’s exports.

Due to changing economic conditions, since 1984 successive governments have engaged in major macroeconomic restructuring, transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist and regulated economy to a liberalised free-trade economy. Pursuant to this policy, ring the late 1980s and early 1990s, the New Zealand Government sold a number of former government owned enterprises including its telecommunications company, railway network, a numbe

J. 外国风土人情（英语200词以内）

Australian customs in Australia before you arrived, you may have from the book, Australia where tourists come back to your relatives or friends of the experience in Australia or Australians what kind of. You will find some of these views is correct. some of the wrong - just as you would think that some of the Australians of your country's views sometimes be very strange distortion of the same . Australia each of the local customs vary greatly, people's moral values are very different. So sometimes difficult to accept some of the outdated concept. You will find that you continuously compare Australia and your own country, their own behavior.
澳洲风土人情

在你到达澳大利亚之前，你也许已经从书上、澳洲回来的旅游者那里或是你的亲戚朋友的经验得知澳洲或澳洲人是什么样的。你会发现这些观点是部分正确，部分错误的－就像你会认为一些澳洲人对你的国家的一些看法有时会被很奇怪的歪曲了一样。澳洲各个地方的风土人情差别很大，人们的道德观念也有很大差异，所以有时很难接受一些陈旧的观念。你会发现你在不断的比较澳洲和你自己的国家，各自不同的行为方式。开始你会感到很难适应或感到不满，渐渐的你会理解澳洲人的行为方式并且去鉴别什么是好的，什么是坏的。